Class 12 Geography (India-People and Economy) Chapter 1 Population

Key Concept: Rural-Urban Composition

c) The distribution between rural and urban populations

[Solution Description] Rural-urban composition refers to the distribution between rural and urban populations in a region, highlighting socio-economic differences and migration trends.

Key Concept: Population Doubling

b) 23 years

[Solution Description]

The rule of 70 states that the doubling time can be approximated by dividing 70 by the annual growth rate.

Doubling time = $$\frac{70}{3} \approx 23.33$$ years.

Key Concept: Distribution System

d) Inefficient food distribution

[Solution Description] Inefficient food distribution contributed to high death rates due to malnutrition and famine conditions. The inability to distribute food effectively led to failures in meeting nutritional needs, increasing mortality rates.

Key Concept: Growth Rate Analysis

b) Decline in mortality rate due to improved healthcare

[Solution Description]

During 1921-1951, India saw a decline in mortality rates due to improvements in medical facilities and healthcare, leading to an increase in life expectancy and thus contributing significantly to higher population growth.

Key Concept: Doubling Time Concept

d) The time needed for a population to double in size

[Solution Description] Population doubling time refers to the time it takes for a given population to double in size at its current growth rate. It provides an indication of how quickly a population is increasing.

Key Concept: Religious Proportion

b) 0.7\%

[Solution Description] As per the 2011 Census data, approximately 0.7\% of India’s population identified as Buddhists.

Key Concept: Population Growth Trends, Regional Growth Patterns

d) State B

[Solution Description] To find the average annual growth rates, we use the formula: $$\text{Growth Rate} = \left(\frac{\text{Final Population}}{\text{Initial Population}}\right)^{1/\text{Years}} – 1$$. Applying this to State A:

$$\text{Growth Rate}_A = \left(\frac{15}{10}\right)^{1/20} – 1 = (1.5)^{0.05} – 1$$

Calculation: $$(1.5)^{0.05} \approx 1.02067$$, so the growth rate is $$0.02067$$ or approximately $$2.067\%$$ per year.

For State B:

$$\text{Growth Rate}_B = \left(\frac{13}{5}\right)^{1/20} – 1 = (2.6)^{0.05} – 1$$

Calculation: $$(2.6)^{0.05} \approx 1.0488$$, so the growth rate is $$0.0488$$ or approximately $$4.88\%$$ per year.

Thus, State B had a higher growth rate.

Key Concept: Rural Distribution

c) Dadra and Nagar Haveli

[Solution Description] Among the union territories in India, Dadra and Nagar Haveli stands out with a notably higher proportion of rural population at 53.38\%. This distinguishes it from other union territories which typically have smaller rural populations.

Key Concept: Decadal Growth Rate

c) 20\%

[Solution Description] To calculate the decadal growth rate, use the formula $$g = \frac{P_2 – P_1}{P_1} \times 100$$. Substituting the values:

$$g = \frac{600 – 500}{500} \times 100 = \frac{100}{500} \times 100 = 20\%$$

Key Concept: Cause and Effect

b) Inhospitable terrain

[Solution Description]

Arunachal Pradesh has a low population density due to various physical factors:

– Climate: The area experiences harsh climate conditions, including heavy rainfall and cold temperatures.

– Terrain: It is a mountainous region with difficult terrain that makes settlement and agriculture challenging.

– Water availability is relatively less influential compared to terrain and climate.

Therefore, the primary cause for low density is the rugged and inhospitable terrain.

Key Concept: Real-World Application, Non-Straightforward Path

b) 25 million

[Solution Description] To find the projected population, we can use the formula for decadal growth rate: $$g = \frac{P2 – P1}{P1} \times 100$$, where $$P2$$ is the final population and $$P1$$ is the initial population. Rearranging the formula gives us $$P2 = P1 \times \left(1 + \frac{g}{100}\right)$$. Substituting the given values:

$$P2 = 20,000,000 \times \left(1 + \frac{25}{100}\right) = 20,000,000 \times 1.25 = 25,000,000$$

Thus, the projected population would be 25 million.

Key Concept: Comparative Analysis

c) Physiological density takes into account the entire population over arable land.

[Solution Description] Agricultural density is defined as the total agricultural population divided by the net cultivable area, focusing specifically on those involved in agriculture and the land they use. In contrast, physiological density calculates the total population over arable land, considering how many people are supported by available agricultural resources.

Key Concept: Population Growth Factors

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The Assertion states that there was a notable slowdown in India’s population growth after the 1980s, which is true due to various socio-economic changes and government initiatives. The Reason provides one such initiative: family planning programs introduced by the Indian government to control population growth, which is also true. However, while these programs contributed to the slowdown, other factors like increased literacy rates, economic development, and changing societal norms play roles too. Therefore, while both statements are true, the Reason doesn’t exclusively explain the Assertion.

Key Concept: Gender Ratio and Age Distribution

d) 20.9\%

[Solution Description] The adolescent age group makes up 20.9\% of India’s population as stated in the syllabus.

Key Concept: Historical Population Growth, Work Participation Rate

c) It diversified the economy, reducing fertility rates.

[Solution Description] Post-1981, India’s economic reforms facilitated a transition from agriculture to industrial and service sectors, leading to increased employment opportunities outside farming. This economic diversification contributed to lowering fertility rates as families prioritized education and job prospects over larger family sizes, reflecting a slowing down of the population growth rate.

Key Concept: Critical Analysis, Real-world Application

b) National Youth Policy

[Solution Description]

The National Youth Policy is aimed specifically at empowering young individuals, including adolescents, by focusing on key areas such as education, skill development, health, sports, and employment opportunities. It addresses various socio-economic challenges faced by the youth population, ensuring their comprehensive development and integration into the workforce.

Other policies like the National Health Policy or National Education Policy have broader scopes but do not focus exclusively on the adolescent age group in the manner that the National Youth Policy does.

Key Concept: State Identification

b) Bihar

[Solution Description] States with limited economic development often have a higher percentage of people engaged in household industries as these are less formal sectors and can provide immediate employment.

Key Concept: Gender Comparison

d) All of the above

[Solution Description] The syllabus states that male workers outnumber female workers in all three sectors: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.

Key Concept: Projected Population

b) 1,350 million

[Solution Description] Based on projections provided by sources like the World Development Report, India’s population is expected to reach approximately 1,350 million by 2025, considering current trends and rates of growth.

Key Concept: Sector Proportion

a) Primary

[Solution Description] The primary sector, which includes agriculture and related activities, has the largest proportion of workers in India, constituting 54.6\% of the working population.

Key Concept: Density and Development, Density and Urbanization

a) Industrialization and Infrastructure Growth

[Solution Description] The factors contributing to higher population density in urban areas like Delhi compared to low-density regions include socio-economic developments such as industrialization, better transportation facilities, economic opportunities, and infrastructure development. These elements attract more people to cities due to the availability of jobs and improved living conditions. Conversely, regions like Arunachal Pradesh have difficult terrain and limited infrastructural development that do not support large populations. Therefore, the main factor for high density in Delhi is urbanization driven by industrial development and infrastructure growth.

Key Concept: Language Sub-Families

a) Munda

[Solution Description] The Austro-Asiatic language family includes sub-families like Mon-Khmer and Munda. Out of the given options, Munda is a recognized sub-family of the Austro-Asiatic family.

Key Concept: State Identification

d) Himachal Pradesh

[Solution Description] According to the syllabus, Himachal Pradesh is one of the states with a high percentage of workers as cultivators.

Key Concept: Socio-Economic Challenges, Development and Distribution

a) Economic disparity leads to uneven resource distribution.

[Solution Description] In states like Maharashtra and Bihar, the unequal distribution of resources can be attributed primarily to economic disparity. While Maharashtra benefits from industrialization leading to wealth concentration in certain urban areas, Bihar faces lagging development that limits resource allocation across its vast rural population. Therefore, economic inequality plays a critical role in how resources are distributed within and among these states.

Key Concept: Application of Concepts

b) Decreased food security due to over-reliance on limited land

[Solution Description] An increase in physiological density means that more people are relying on each unit of cultivated land. This can strain resources and negatively impact food security as it implies less land is available per person for food production.

Key Concept: Impact of Urbanization, Socio-economic Implications

c) Overcrowding in urban areas

[Solution Description] A consistent shift towards urban centers may indicate that urban areas offer better economic opportunities; however, this might result in overcrowding, strain on resources, and increased living costs, which could exacerbate poverty levels among low-income migrants.

Key Concept: Adolescent Challenges

b) Low intake of nutrients

[Solution Description] One primary challenge faced by adolescents in India is low intake of nutrients, contributing to various health issues including malnutrition and stunted growth.

Key Concept: Sectoral Shift

b) Urbanization and industrialization attracting more workers

[Solution Description] As the economy develops, there is a tendency to move away from agriculture due to better opportunities in industrial and service sectors, which results in urbanization and industrialization.

Key Concept: Impact of Migration, Trends in Population Growth Rates

c) Triggered rapid urbanization with increased demand for infrastructure

[Solution Description] Since the 1990s, internal migration within India, driven largely by seeking better employment and education opportunities, has significantly increased urban population growth. Cities have expanded rapidly as people move from rural areas to urban centers, putting pressure on infrastructure, housing, and services while contributing to economic activities in these regions.

Key Concept: Socio-Economic Development, Climate Adaptation

c) Increased population density around urban centers

[Solution Description] Rapid socio-economic development in a historically significant river plain typically results in increased urbanization, improved infrastructure, and enhanced living standards. The presence of fertile land, along with suitable climatic conditions for agriculture, attracts more people to settle there. Historical significance can also lead to cultural tourism, further increasing the population density. Thus, the interplay between favorable economic opportunities and climatic adaptability significantly influences population distribution.

Key Concept: Moderate Density States

c) Assam

[Solution Description] Assam is typically classified with a moderate population density compared to states like Delhi or Arunachal Pradesh with extremely high or low densities, respectively.

Key Concept: Doubling Time Calculation

c) 58 years

[Solution Description] The formula to calculate the doubling time is $$\text{Doubling Time} = \frac{70}{\text{Growth Rate (\%)}}$$. Here, the growth rate is 1.2\%. So, Doubling Time $$= \frac{70}{1.2} \approx 58.33$$ years.

Key Concept: Comparative Analysis

d) Uttar Pradesh

[Solution Description] During the period 1951-1981, India experienced a population explosion characterized by high fertility and reduced mortality rates. The state with the highest growth rate would have had the shortest doubling time.

Key Concept: Linguistic and Cultural Overlap, Religious Influence on Landscape

c) It creates distinct cultural regions with unique traditions

[Solution Description] Linguistic diversity in India intersects with religious distribution by shaping distinct cultural zones where language and religion coalesce into unique traditions, architecture, festivals, and daily life. Regions where specific languages and religions dominate become culturally distinct, influencing architectural styles like temples, mosques, and churches, along with other cultural expressions.

Key Concept: Spatial Density Pattern, Sectoral Composition

c) Dense urban centers lead to diverse service-oriented occupations.

[Solution Description]

Population density plays a crucial role in determining the sectoral composition of the workforce in different regions. Areas with high population density, typically urban areas, are often associated with a diversified economy, featuring substantial contributions from secondary and tertiary sectors such as industry, services, trade, and commerce.

Conversely, regions with low population density, commonly rural areas, generally rely heavily on the primary sector, particularly agriculture. These areas might lack the infrastructure and investment required to support non-agricultural industries, thereby limiting employment opportunities in sectors beyond agriculture.

For instance, metropolitan regions like Mumbai or Bangalore with dense populations display varied occupational distributions with strong industrial and service sectors. Meanwhile, sparsely populated regions such as the interiors of Madhya Pradesh or Bihar primarily reflect an agrarian economy.

By understanding these relationships, one can analyze the options and discern how spatial density directly influences the type of work predominant in various locales across India.

Key Concept: Growth Rate Trends, Impact of Physical Factors

b) Kerala’s educational policies curtailed growth whereas Bihar’s land supported growth

[Solution Description] Bihar’s growth rate has been historically higher due to favorable land for agriculture, which supports a dense population base. Additionally, socio-economic policies focusing on rapid expansion without adequate resource management have contributed to this trend. Conversely, Kerala, though physically diverse, had implemented effective birth control measures and emphasized education, resulting in a stabilized and lower population growth. Historical emphasis on healthcare and education in Kerala helped mitigate excessive growth despite similar physical challenges.

Key Concept: Phase Identification

c) 1951-1981

[Solution Description] The phase from 1951 to 1981 in India is identified with rapid industrialization and significant urban migration, contributing to high population growth during this period.

Key Concept: Linguistic Regions

b) Gradual merging and overlapping

[Solution Description]

Linguistic regions in India do not have sharp and distinct boundaries; rather they show gradual merging and overlapping characteristics. This reflects the natural blending of cultures and languages over time.

Key Concept: Regional Analysis

d) Maharashtra, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh

[Solution Description] From the syllabus, it is mentioned that Buddhists are significantly concentrated in Maharashtra, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Tripura, and Lahul and Spiti. Hence, these regions would have higher concentrations of Buddhists.

Key Concept: Phases of Population Growth

a) 1901-1921

[Solution Description]

The period from 1901 to 1921 in India is referred to as the “period of stagnant growth.” During this time, the population growth rate was very low due to high mortality rates and other factors.

Key Concept: Migration Impact

c) Tibetans

[Solution Description]

According to the syllabus, international migration impacting India’s population growth included people migrating from Tibet, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. Hence, “Tibetans” is one of these groups.

Key Concept: Economic Development Correlation

c) Rural region with limited industry and infrastructure

[Solution Description]

The work participation rate tends to be higher in areas with lower economic development. This is because, in less developed areas, more individuals participate in the workforce due to fewer alternatives or social welfare programs.

Key Concept: Government Initiatives

d) To enhance the welfare of girls through education and protection

[Solution Description] The ‘Beti Bachao–Beti Padhao’ campaign primarily aims to promote the education and empowerment of girls while addressing issues like female foeticide and discrimination.

Key Concept: Policy Identification

d) National Youth Policy

[Solution Description] The National Youth Policy was launched with a vision to empower youth by promoting skill development, education, employment, and entrepreneurship.

Key Concept: Comparative Analysis

d) Kerala

[Solution Description] The national average growth rate in India during 2001-2011 was approximately 17.64\%. Kerala, with its effective birth control measures and higher literacy rates, experienced a population growth rate of about 4.9\%, which is considerably lower than the national average.

Key Concept: Sectoral Shift

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that there is a correlation between shifting employment patterns and increased urbanization, which is true as people move to cities for jobs beyond agriculture. The reason suggests urbanization’s primary driver is demand for labor in industries and services, also true. However, while the reason correctly identifies a factor of urbanization, it doesn’t exclusively explain the shift away from farm-based jobs, which can be due to various other socio-economic factors. Hence, both statements are true but the reason isn’t the sole explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Complex Calculation, Scenario-based Question

a) 33.3 persons/sq km

[Solution Description] First calculate the population and land area of the remaining region after the new metropolitan area is established. Subtract the metropolitan population from the total population: $$20,000,000 – 5,000,000 = 15,000,000$$. Similarly, subtract the metropolitan area from the total land area: $$500,000 – 50,000 = 450,000$$ sq km. Now calculate the arithmetic density using the formula $$\text{Arithmetic Density} = \frac{\text{Total Population}}{\text{Total Land Area}}$$:

$$\text{Arithmetic Density} = \frac{15,000,000}{450,000} = 33.\overline{3} \text{ persons/sq km}.$$

Hence, the arithmetic density of the remaining region is approximately 33.3 persons/sq km.

Key Concept: Decadal Growth Analysis

c) 20\%

[Solution Description] The decadal growth rate can be calculated using the formula:

$$g = \frac{P2 – P1}{P1} \times 100$$

Substituting the given values, where $$P1 = 500,000$$ and $$P2 = 600,000$$:

$$g = \frac{600,000 – 500,000}{500,000} \times 100 = \frac{100,000}{500,000} \times 100 = 20\%$$

Key Concept: Sectoral Shift

a) Primary Sector

[Solution Description] The primary sector in India comprises agriculture and related activities. According to the data provided, the workforce distribution is as follows: Primary sector (54.6\%), Secondary sector (3.8\%), and Tertiary sector (41.6\%). Hence, the primary sector employs the highest percentage of the workforce.

Key Concept: Complex Calculation, Scenario-Based Question

c) 25,000 people/sq km

[Solution Description]

To calculate the new physiological density, we first need to determine the updated values for both the population and the net cultivated area.

Initial Total Population = $$50$$ million

Increase in Population = $$25\%$$ of $$50$$ million

$$\text{Increase in Population} = 0.25 \times 50\, \text{million} = 12.5\, \text{million}$$

New Total Population = $$50 + 12.5 = 62.5$$ million

Initial Net Cultivated Area = $$2,000$$ sq km

Increase in Area = $$500$$ sq km

New Net Cultivated Area = $$2,000 + 500 = 2,500$$ sq km

Now, calculate the new physiological density using the formula:

\begin{equation*}

\text{Physiological Density} = \frac{\text{Total Population}}{\text{Net Cultivated Area}}

\end{equation*}

Substituting the values:

$$\text{New Physiological Density} = \frac{62.5\, \text{million}}{2,500\, \text{sq km}} = 25,000\, \text{people/sq km}$$

Therefore, the new physiological density is $$25,000$$ people per square kilometer.

Key Concept: Regional Variation

c) Bihar

[Solution Description]

The examination of regional variation in population growth shows that certain states have distinct growth patterns. Based on census data for 2001-2011, Bihar reported one of the highest growth rates among all Indian states due to its socio-economic conditions.

Key Concept: Policy Impact, Adolescent Challenges

c) Direct financial subsidies for leisure activities for adolescents

[Solution Description] The National Youth Policy focuses on empowering youth by promoting skill development and addressing educational and health challenges. Typical strategies involve increasing access to training programs, improving healthcare facilities, and expanding educational opportunities. However, direct financial subsidies for leisure activities may not align with these strategic goals.