Class 11 Psychology Chapter 7 Thinking

Key Concept: Definition Recall

a) Facing repeated failures

[Solution Description] A common cause of lack of motivation in problem solving is facing repeated failures or setbacks that lead to a decrease in confidence and drive to continue.

Key Concept: Comparative Analysis

d) Divergent thinking generates various ideas; convergent thinking focuses on selecting the best option.

[Solution Description] Divergent thinking is characterized by generating multiple, varied ideas through brainstorming, while convergent thinking involves narrowing down those ideas to find the best possible solution. Therefore, divergent thinking encourages idea generation, whereas convergent thinking evaluates and selects the most feasible ideas. Hence, convergent thinking is structured and solution-focused, while divergent thinking is open-ended and exploratory.

Key Concept: Complex Scenario Analysis, Transition Challenges

b) Preparation, Incubation, Illumination, Verification

[Solution Description]

The scenario describes the process of creative thinking:

– Firstly, the artist engages in researching techniques and influences, which aligns with the \textbf{Preparation} stage where relevant information is gathered.

– She then takes a break to clear her mind, indicative of the \textbf{Incubation} stage, allowing subconscious processing without active problem-solving.

– While walking, she experiences a sudden realization or visualization of an idea, representing the \textbf{Illumination} stage, often described as the ‘Aha’ moment.

– Finally, she evaluates the feasibility and makes necessary modifications, aligning with the \textbf{Verification} stage, wherein ideas are tested and judged for their applicability.

Thus, the correct sequence is: Preparation, Incubation, Illumination, Verification.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

b) A mental process of choosing between alternatives

[Solution Description] Decision-making is a mental process of choosing between alternatives, as stated in the syllabus.

Key Concept: Decision Factors

c) Personal Significance

[Solution Description] When making decisions involving extracurricular activities, personal significance should take precedence as these activities often align with personal interests and passions. While cost-benefit analysis and other factors are important, personal significance will drive motivation and enhance satisfaction.

Key Concept: Influence of Personal Preferences and Beliefs

d) Personal preferences

[Solution Description] The judgment regarding the pleasantness of a song is strongly influenced by personal preferences and beliefs, as these are subjective experiences that vary from person to person.

Key Concept: Initial Judgment

c) Past knowledge and personal preferences

[Solution Description] Initial judgments are often influenced by personal preferences, beliefs, and attitudes, as well as past knowledge.

Key Concept: Scenario-Based Question

b) Linguistic relativity hypothesis

[Solution Description] This scenario supports the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which suggests that the language one speaks influences how they perceive and think about the world. Here, the Russian language’s specific terms for shades of blue facilitate cognitive differentiation of these colors.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

a) Goal-directed thinking

[Solution Description] Problem solving is primarily defined as goal-directed thinking, where the thinker aims to reach a specific end state or solution.

Key Concept: Basic Definition

b) A visual representation of a sensory experience

[Solution Description] A mental image is a visual representation of a sensory experience in one’s mind. It allows an individual to picture scenarios, objects, or events based on previous experiences and sensory inputs.

Key Concept: Basic Concept Application

b) Planning your next vacation route

[Solution Description] Mental images are often used in scenarios that involve visualization, such as planning a route or recalling visual details from memory.

Key Concept: Problem Solving

a) Ability to abstract and analyze information

[Solution Description] Effective problem-solving involves abstracting relevant information from complex data, analyzing it, and imagining possible outcomes or solutions. This process requires mental flexibility to adapt strategies and overcome any blocks that arise during analysis.

Key Concept: Comparative Analysis

c) Analytical thinking emphasizes individual elements; holistic thinking focuses on relationships.

[Solution Description] Analytical thinking focuses on individual elements and breaking down problems into smaller parts. Holistic thinking, on the other hand, emphasizes understanding relationships and context as a whole. Thus, analytical thinking prioritizes dissecting details while holistic thinking concentrates on the overall picture.

Key Concept: Process Stage

c) Illumination

[Solution Description] The Illumination stage of the creative process is where sudden inspirations or “aha” moments occur, leading to potential solutions to the problem at hand.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

c) A tendency to use previously successful strategies

[Solution Description] A mental set is a tendency to approach situations or problems using the same method or strategy that has worked in the past, even if it may not be applicable to the current situation.

Key Concept: Concept Formation

c) As mental representations of categories

[Solution Description] Concepts are mental representations of categories that help organize knowledge, which plays a crucial role in thinking processes such as reasoning and decision-making.

Key Concept: Basic Definition

c) An organized, goal-directed mental process

[Solution Description] The primary role of thinking is recognized as an organized and goal-directed process that involves manipulating and analyzing information from the environment.

Key Concept: Basic Analogy

c) species

[Solution Description] The given analogy compares “Plant” and “Tree”. Here, a tree is a larger or more developed form of a plant. Similarly, among the options provided, an animal can be considered a larger or more developed form of a species.

Key Concept: Initial State

b) Determining the budget and guest list

[Solution Description]

The initial state refers to the starting point of a problem-solving scenario. In the context of planning a birthday party, the initial state would consist of determining the basic details such as the date and time of the event before any other arrangements are made.

Key Concept: Application of Concepts

b) Creating a marketing campaign that combines elements from previous successful campaigns into a new format

[Solution Description] Originality involves coming up with ideas that are uncommon or unique by combining old and new ideas, seeing relationships differently, and using different perspectives. Among the options given, creating a marketing campaign that uses elements from various other successful campaigns to form a cohesive and novel idea exemplifies originality as it reflects the merging of existing concepts in a new and innovative way.

Key Concept: Thought and Language Interdependence, Language as a Symbolic Tool

c) The interdependence allows language to be used as a symbolic tool in expressing complex ideas.

[Solution Description] According to Vyogotsky, thought and language become interdependent around two years of age, where language begins to serve as a crucial tool for forming complex thoughts. This means that language acts as a symbolic medium through which children can express and refine their thoughts. Thus, with the merging of thought and language, children utilize language as a method of symbolizing concepts they understand mentally.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

a) The inability to think of new uses for an object

[Solution Description] Functional fixedness is the cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used, which restricts problem-solving abilities by not considering alternative uses for the object.

Key Concept: Babbling Characteristics

b) It is characterized by repetitive consonant-vowel combinations

[Solution Description] Babbling is characterized by repetitive consonant-vowel combinations. This stage typically begins around six months and is a critical part of language development, as it signifies the infant’s experimentation with sounds that will later form words.

Key Concept: Basic Deduction

c) Max has a tail.

[Solution Description] To solve this, we use deductive reasoning. The general assumption provided is that all dogs have tails. Given that Max is a dog, it logically follows from the assumption that Max should also have a tail.

Key Concept: Bilingualism Benefits

a) Enhanced cognitive flexibility

[Solution Description] Bilingualism enhances cognitive flexibility, which is the ability to switch between thinking about different concepts and think about multiple concepts simultaneously. It involves executive functioning skills such as planning, problem-solving, and multitasking.

Key Concept: Complex Application, Advanced Reasoning

b) An engineer rethinking a bridge design receives sudden insight during a meditation session, allowing for a more stable construction.

[Solution Description] The illumination stage often occurs after an incubation period where conscious thought is set aside. In this scenario, consider a mathematician stuck on a proof. They might find that, after taking a break and engaging in unrelated activities, the solution suddenly becomes clear while they are doing something mundane like walking or showering. This sudden clarity is the essence of the ‘Aha’ moment, transforming a seemingly insurmountable problem into one with a clear path to solving.

Key Concept: Mental Representation

c) Mental images and words

[Solution Description] The main forms of mental representations used in thinking are mental images and words. These help individuals visualize concepts or communicate thoughts effectively.

Key Concept: Comparative Analysis

b) Sign language primarily depends on body movements and facial expressions, unlike spoken language that uses vocal sounds.

[Solution Description] Sign language uses visual-manual modality and involves gestures, facial expressions, and body language as fundamental components, whereas spoken language relies on auditory-vocal modality with sound units like phonemes. Sign language is spatially structured and requires the use of space for grammar, which is not found in spoken language. This makes it inherently different in structure and usage.

Key Concept: Deductive Reasoning

a) Rex has a tail

[Solution Description] The statement “all dogs have tails” implies that every individual dog must have a tail. Since Rex is identified as a dog, it follows logically, through deductive reasoning, that Rex must also have a tail.

Key Concept: Concept Identification

a) Visualizing a sunset

[Solution Description] A mental image is a mental representation of a sensory experience, such as visualizing a sunset.

Key Concept: Conceptual Understanding

c) Brainstorming

[Solution Description] Brainstorming is a strategy that enhances fluency by encouraging participants to generate as many ideas as possible without judgment. This method increases both the quantity and variety of ideas, thereby improving fluency.

Key Concept: Basic Concepts

a) Mental set

[Solution Description] One of the obstacles in problem-solving is the mental set, which is a tendency to approach problems using a mindset that has worked previously. This can hinder one’s ability to see new solutions.

Key Concept: Basic Concepts

b) The advantages and disadvantages of options

[Solution Description] In a cost-benefit analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of each option are evaluated to determine which choice offers the greatest net benefit. This involves assessing both the costs involved with an alternative and the benefits it provides.

Key Concept: Cross-Linguistic Studies, Theoretical Debates

c) They reveal universal perceptual patterns despite linguistic variation.

[Solution Description] Cross-linguistic studies often examine how languages classify colors and how this affects perception. Evidence suggests that while color terms vary widely across languages, certain perceptual universals exist. These studies challenge strong linguistic determinism by showing that even if languages categorize colors differently, human perception tends to follow similar patterns due to biological constraints. Therefore, these findings imply that perception might be more universally influenced rather than completely determined by language, offering evidence against the strongest claims of linguistic determinism.

Key Concept: Symbol-Meaning Association

a) By being associated with objects/events

[Solution Description] Symbols in language are given meaning through association with objects or events they represent. This means that the connection between a symbol and what it represents is learned by associating the two together.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

b) Goal-directed and organized

[Solution Description] The primary nature of thinking, according to the syllabus, is understanding it as an organized and goal-directed mental process. This means that thinking involves a structured approach to achieve specific objectives or goals.

Key Concept: Role of Reinforcement

c) Behaviorist View (Skinner)

[Solution Description] The behaviorist view, proposed by B.F. Skinner, posits that language learning occurs through mechanisms such as association, imitation, and reinforcement. This theory emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping language acquisition.

Key Concept: Basic Deduction

d) None of the conclusions can be correctly drawn.

[Solution Description] According to the given statement “all birds can fly,” we assume that every bird has the ability to fly. However, if we consider the specific knowledge about penguins, they are an exception among birds as they cannot fly. Hence, no valid conclusion can be drawn just based on the information given.

Key Concept: Personal Preferences

c) Deciding what to wear to a party

[Solution Description] Choosing a meal usually involves personal taste, dietary restrictions, or cultural habits. Among the options given, deciding what to wear to a party is often based on individual style and comfort, which is purely personal.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

a) Visual representation of an object or scenario

[Solution Description] A mental image is a visual representation used in thinking and decision-making. It refers to the picture-like qualities of imagination that help individuals visualize objects or scenarios, even if they are not currently present.

Key Concept: Basic Concepts

b) Illumination

[Solution Description] The illumination stage is where an individual experiences a breakthrough or “Aha!” moment, leading to a sudden and clear understanding of the solution.

Key Concept: Analogous Pair

b) Kennel

[Solution Description] The analogy here identifies a place where each subject resides or belongs. A bird resides in a nest, and similarly, a dog resides in a kennel.

Key Concept: Real-world Application, Lateral vs. Vertical Thinking

b) Develop interactive and unconventional lesson plans

[Solution Description] To address declining student engagement through lateral thinking, one should apply creative approaches that deviate from conventional methods. This might include introducing unexpected elements or novel activities that capture students’ interest and encourage participation. Traditional methods, such as strict adherence to textbooks or standard lectures, represent vertical thinking, which may not always foster increased engagement. Instead, strategies could involve gamification, peer teaching, or unusual class formats that engage students differently.

Key Concept: Conceptual Distinction

c) Divergent

[Solution Description]

Lateral thinking, as described by Edward de Bono, is closely related to divergent thinking. Both involve exploring multiple possibilities and approaches rather than settling on a single solution. Divergent thinking emphasizes generating many different ideas and options, akin to lateral thinking’s focus on innovation and creative exploration.

Key Concept: Contextual Application

c) Correct the specific line of code causing errors

[Solution Description] In convergent thinking, the goal is to solve problems by selecting the most logical or effective approach. Since the developer identified the problematic line, the next logical step would be to correct or fix it to ensure the program runs smoothly.

Key Concept: Piaget’s Theory

c) Thought precedes and determines language

[Solution Description] Piaget’s theory suggests that thought precedes and determines language development. It emphasizes internal representation through thinking, where cognitive processes shape linguistic capabilities.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

b) Drawing conclusions and forming opinions

[Solution Description] Judgment primarily involves drawing conclusions, forming opinions, and evaluating events or objects based on knowledge and evidence.

Key Concept: Real-world Application

b) Designing a device that can be both wearable and hand-held

[Solution Description] Lateral thinking involves looking at problems from different perspectives to find innovative solutions. In this context, designing a device that can be wearable as well as hand-held shows creativity and versatility, allowing for multiple uses beyond its standard function.

Key Concept: Process Analysis

b) To allow the mind to rest and subconsciously develop ideas.

[Solution Description] The incubation stage involves taking a break after initial idea generation, allowing subconscious processing of information. This period gives the mind time to form connections that might not be immediately obvious. By not focusing directly on the problem, it enhances creative thinking and often leads to spontaneous insights or solutions during the subsequent stages.

Key Concept: Six Thinking Hats

d) Black Hat

[Solution Description] In Edward de Bono’s ‘Six Thinking Hats’ technique, each hat represents a different perspective or mode of thinking. The Black Hat is specifically used for judgment and critical thinking, assessing risks, and identifying potential problems or obstacles in ideas.

Key Concept: Initial State

c) The starting point of the problem

[Solution Description]

The initial state in any problem-solving process refers to the starting conditions or situation before any actions are taken to solve the problem. It includes all relevant information present at the beginning of the problem-solving activity.

Key Concept: Language Acquisition Theories

a) By imitating sounds and words heard and receiving reinforcement

[Solution Description] Behaviorist theory suggests that children learn language through imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning. They mimic words and phrases they hear, receive positive feedback or correction, leading to learned language patterns.

Key Concept: Mental Set

b) A tendency to use old strategies

[Solution Description] A mental set refers to the tendency to approach situations in a fixed way based on past experiences that were successful, which can sometimes hinder finding new solutions.

Key Concept: Concept Comparison

b) Divergent thinking generates many possibilities while convergent thinking seeks one correct answer.

[Solution Description] Divergent thinking involves generating multiple solutions to a problem, characterized by fluency and flexibility in thinking. It is often associated with creativity as it encourages exploring many possible solutions without immediately judging them. Convergent thinking, on the other hand, focuses on finding the single best solution to a problem using logic and analysis.

Key Concept: Initial State Identification

d) Recognizing the need for the event

[Solution Description] The initial state in this context refers to identifying the requirements and resources available for organizing the school event, which serves as the starting point for further planning.

Key Concept: Initial State Identification

b) The situation before any solution is applied

[Solution Description]

In a problem-solving process, the initial state refers to the starting conditions or circumstances of the problem before any action is taken towards solving it. It is important to identify this initial state accurately to plan a suitable solution effectively.

The correct option that identifies this concept is option b), which states “The situation before any solution is applied.”

Key Concept: Concept Definition

b) A mental representation of a category based on shared properties

[Solution Description] A concept is a mental representation that groups objects, events, or ideas with common properties together.

Key Concept: Turn-taking in Conversations

b) Listening and responding appropriately

[Solution Description] Effective turn-taking requires listening to others before responding. It involves allowing the other person to finish speaking and acknowledging their points before contributing one’s own thoughts.

Key Concept: Initial State

c) No plan for the trip yet

[Solution Description] The initial state refers to the starting point or current situation before any action is taken in a problem-solving scenario. In organizing a school trip, the initial state involves having no finalized plan for the trip.

Key Concept: Scenario Analysis

b) Use engaging hand gestures and visuals

[Solution Description] The speaker should use gestures or visual aids to capture attention and emphasize key points. These actions help in maintaining audience engagement by breaking monotony and focusing their attention on important aspects.

Key Concept: Mental Representation

d) Mental images and words

[Solution Description] Mental images and words are commonly used as forms of mental representations in thinking processes.

Key Concept: Divergent vs. Convergent

a) Divergent thinking

[Solution Description] Divergent thinking involves generating multiple, diverse ideas or possibilities in response to an open-ended question or problem. It encourages creativity and innovation by exploring various pathways.

Key Concept: Concept Identification

b) Becoming aware of background facts

[Solution Description] The preparation stage primarily focuses on becoming aware of background facts and related information which helps build a foundation before proceeding further in the process.

Key Concept: Incubation Stage

d) Incubation

[Solution Description] The incubation stage is where the mind unconsciously thinks about problems, often leading to spontaneous ideas during unrelated activities.

Key Concept: Identify Concept

b) Deductive reasoning

[Solution Description] Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (general premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion (specific). It starts with a general statement and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion.

Key Concept: Concept Identification

d) Inductive reasoning

[Solution Description] Inductive reasoning begins with specific data or observations and works towards forming a generalized conclusion. It is often used in scientific investigations and everyday decision-making, where patterns are recognized from collected data.

Key Concept: Concept Identification

c) A mental process involving manipulation and analysis of information

[Solution Description] Reasoning is primarily defined as a mental process that involves manipulation and analysis of information.

Key Concept: Creative Process

d) Illumination

[Solution Description]

The ‘Aha!’ moment refers to the sudden realization or insight into solving a problem, also known as the Illumination stage in the creative process.

Key Concept: Hat Application

d) Black Hat

[Solution Description] The Black Hat is used for judgment and caution. It helps in identifying potential failures and assessing problems logically. When analyzing a failed project, the Black Hat can help in understanding what went wrong by critically evaluating and judging past actions and decisions.

Key Concept: Simple Object Analogy

d) head

[Solution Description] The relationship here is based on the function of the objects. A shoe covers the foot, similarly, a hat covers the head.

Key Concept: Language Acquisition Theories

c) Language learning occurs naturally due to an inbuilt universal grammar.

[Solution Description] Noam Chomsky proposed the theory of Innate language acquisition which suggests that human beings have an innate ability to acquire language due to a built-in universal grammar. This means that language development is natural and inherent, not solely learned through interaction or reinforcement.

Key Concept: Sequence Application

d) Verification stage

[Solution Description] Verification is the last stage in the process of creative thinking. After generating ideas during preparation, incubation, and illumination stages, verification involves testing these ideas to judge their worthiness and appropriateness. Hence, this would occur after all other stages like preparation, incubation, and illumination.

Key Concept: Deductive Reasoning

b) If it rains, the ground gets wet. It is raining. Therefore, the ground is getting wet.

[Solution Description] Deductive reasoning involves starting with a general statement or hypothesis and examining the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. An example would be, “All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.”

Key Concept: Vygotsky’s Theory

c) They become interdependent and influence each other.

Language remains a separate entity from thought.

Key Concept: Second-Order Thinking, Critical Evaluation

c) Incorporating Edward de Bono’s ‘Six Thinking Hats’ technique in lessons.

[Solution Description] Enhancing students’ flexibility involves encouraging them to think divergently and adaptively across subjects. Integrating Edward de Bono’s ‘Six Thinking Hats’ into classroom activities allows students to alternate between different types of thinking (e.g., lateral thinking, critical evaluation), thereby improving their ability to generate varied solutions and interpretations.

Key Concept: Organizational Role of Concepts

c) By grouping similar items together, aiding retrieval

[Solution Description] Categories allow us to group similar pieces of information together, which minimizes the cognitive load required to retrieve them from memory. This organization facilitates faster access because related items are stored and recalled through associative networks.

Key Concept: Elaboration Techniques

d) Mind mapping

[Solution Description] Mind mapping is an effective technique for enhancing elaboration as it visually organizes information, allowing individuals to explore detailed connections between concepts. This encourages deeper exploration and understanding of ideas. Brainstorming is more suited to idea generation, logical deduction pertains to deriving conclusions based on given premises, and emotional expression relates to personal feelings rather than structured thought processes.

Key Concept: Comparative Analysis

d) Incubation involves subconscious processing, unlike illumination.

[Solution Description] The incubation stage involves a relaxation from active thinking, allowing subconscious processing to occur without direct effort, whereas the illumination stage is characterized by the sudden clarity or ‘Aha!’ moment where the solution emerges consciously.

Key Concept: Basic Definition

b) Directed thinking toward solutions

[Solution Description] Problem solving is a psychological process that involves directed thinking towards specific solutions. It requires identifying and overcoming obstacles to reach a desired goal.

Key Concept: Concept Identification

c) Concept

[Solution Description] The mental representation used to categorize items based on shared attributes is known as a concept. Concepts help us organize information by grouping similar objects, events, or ideas together.

Key Concept: Pragmatic Language Use

c) Social cognition

[Solution Description] Understanding sarcasm or irony falls under the realm of pragmatic language use, where a speaker’s intended meaning may differ from the literal interpretation. This requires social cognition skills to discern the speaker’s true intentions.

Key Concept: Initial State

a) Identifying the problem

[Solution Description] The initial state in problem-solving is the starting point where we identify and understand the problem that needs to be addressed before any steps towards finding a solution are taken.

Key Concept: Linguistic Determinism

a) Language shapes and limits thought significantly

[Solution Description] Linguistic determinism is the idea that the structure of a language influences the way its speakers think. It implies that different languages impose different ways of understanding and conceptualizing the world, which affects cognition and perception.

Key Concept: Contextual Application

b) Developing new marketing strategies for a unique product

[Solution Description] Lateral thinking techniques are useful in scenarios requiring novel approaches and problem-solving, often beyond conventional logic, such as coming up with new product ideas.

Key Concept: Creative Process Stages, Role of Divergent and Convergent Thinking

a) Preparation

[Solution Description] In the process of designing a new eco-friendly vehicle, the designer must first gather information and lay down possible alternatives. This initial phase typically involves divergent thinking as it requires considering many possibilities. Following this, during the preparation stage, there is often a need to assess these ideas against practical constraints, which necessitates convergent thinking. Thus, the ‘Preparation’ stage is most involved with toggling between divergent and convergent thinking.