Class 10 Social Science (History) Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

Key Concept: Historical Significance, Real-world Application

c) They facilitated an era of enhanced agricultural productivity and trade.
[Solution Description] The introduction of these crops led to a dramatic shift in agricultural productivity and economic growth in Europe. Potatoes supported population expansion due to their high yield per acre, while tomatoes diversified diets. Both crops contributed to increased trade activities and cultural exchanges, marking a significant transition in the global agricultural landscape.

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Key Concepts: Abolition of Indenture

c) 1921
[Solution Description] The indenture system was officially abolished in 1921 following opposition from Indian nationalist leaders who campaigned against the exploitation inherent in the system.

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Key Concepts: Economic Shifts, Resistance Movements

d) It divided Africa into territories controlled by various European nations; armed resistance was prevalent.
[Solution Description] The Berlin Conference of 1885 formalized the division of Africa among European powers, leading to arbitrary borders that often disregarded existing ethnic and cultural boundaries. This resulted in long-term conflicts and a reorganization of political structures on the continent. Additionally, many African resistance movements emerged during this period, characterized by armed resistance as indigenous people fought against colonization and for their autonomy.

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Key Concepts: Comparative Economic Analysis, Economic Policies

b) US’s focus on consumer markets led to faster recovery
[Solution Description] Post-war, the US employed aggressive fiscal policies, facilitated by its newfound status as a global creditor, allowing it to focus on industrial revitalization and consumer markets. Conversely, Britain’s recovery faced challenges from its external debts and competition from countries like the US. While the US saw robust economic growth, Britain’s policies struggled to address its financial burdens promptly, resulting in slower recovery compared to the US. Analyzing this involves understanding how fiscal strength influenced policy effectiveness.

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Key Concept: Role of traders and travelers in spreading new crops

d) Arab traders
[Solution Description] Arab traders are credited with playing a crucial role in introducing pasta to Sicily in the 5th century as part of their broader influence on Mediterranean trade and culture.

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Key Concept: European Exploration

a) Found a sea route to Asia
[Solution Description] In the sixteenth century, European sailors were able to find new sea routes to Asia by circumnavigating Africa and discovering the Americas, which opened up global trade routes.

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Key Concepts: Role of Technology in Colonization, Global Trade Expansion

c) They enabled greater regional specialization and expanded global trade.
[Solution Description] Railways and steamships significantly reduced transportation costs and time, enabling faster and larger-scale movement of goods. This facilitated global trade, allowing regions to specialize in commodities they produced most efficiently, enhancing global economic integration.

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Key Concepts: Migration Analysis, Social and Economic Changes

b) Stabilized wages and improved living standards over time
[Solution Description]
Following the abolition of the Corn Laws, many displaced agricultural workers moved to urban areas in search of employment due to decreased employment opportunities in rural settings. This influx of migrants into cities contributed to the growth of the urban workforce, enabling industrial expansion and boosting economic productivity. Although living conditions initially were challenging, over time, the increase in labor supply helped stabilize wages and improve overall social conditions as more goods became affordable thanks to cheaper imports.

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Key Concepts: Economic Theories, Interconnected Factors

c) Foreign capital strengthened North America’s agricultural competitiveness, leveraging comparative advantage effectively.
[Solution Description] Utilizing the theory of comparative advantage, the US and Canada focused on crops they could produce most efficiently, attracting significant foreign capital investments into agriculture, enhancing productivity through better machinery and techniques. The influx of capital enabled these countries to scale up operations and outpace other regions that struggled with limited access to similar financial resources. The integration of capital flow and strategic crop production created a robust agricultural sector capable of dominating global markets.

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Key Concepts: Global Trade Patterns, Labor Movements

c) Forced migration of African populations to the Americas
[Solution Description]
With the expansion of the trans-Atlantic trade, there was an increased demand for labor in the Americas to work on plantations. This influenced large-scale forced migration from Africa as part of the slave trade, significantly affecting global population distribution and creating diaspora communities in the New World.

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Key Concepts: Motivations for Migration

c) Escape from poverty and economic hardship
[Solution Description] Many Indians agreed to indentured labor contracts primarily to escape poverty and improve their living conditions, as these contracts offered employment opportunities overseas.

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Key Concepts: Collapse of Bretton Woods, Role of MNCs

c) MNC expansion increased trade imbalances, pressuring fixed exchange rates.
[Solution Description] Multinational corporations (MNCs) expanded during the post-war era due to strategic advantages provided by differing national economic conditions and labor costs. As these international business activities increased, they led to higher capital flows and trade imbalances across countries that were difficult to manage under the fixed exchange rate regime. Furthermore, the growth of MNCs increased the pressure on the U.S. dollar since many global transactions required dollar conversion, exacerbating currency valuation issues. This contributed to vulnerabilities within the Bretton Woods system, eventually leading to its collapse as countries sought more autonomy over monetary policies through floating exchange rates.

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Key Concepts: Technological and Economic Interplay, Social and Political Effects

d) It improved nutritional intake among working-class Europeans.
[Solution Description]
Refrigerated shipping allowed for the transport of perishable goods like meat over long distances. Economically, this reduced costs for importing countries, increasing accessibility to cheaper protein sources for the European working class. This change led to enhanced nutrition, altering dietary habits. Socially, improved diets contributed to a healthier workforce, which had implications for labor productivity and social welfare systems. The increase in demand transformed agricultural practices in exporting countries as well.

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Key Concepts: Economic Policies, Employment Issues

b) Implementation of public works programs to create jobs
[Solution Description]
Post-war unemployment in Britain was exacerbated by the decline of traditional industries and the need for economic restructuring. The government aimed to alleviate this through various policies. A significant measure was the implementation of public works programs designed to provide immediate job opportunities while investing in infrastructure development. Such programs were intended not only to reduce unemployment but also to stimulate economic growth and facilitate the transition to a modernized economy. By examining the government’s strategic responses to rising unemployment, the correct policy measure can be identified.

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Key Concepts: Industrial Nations

b) France
[Solution Description]
The Allies consisted of several countries that opposed the Central Powers in World War I. France was one of the primary members of the Allies, alongside Britain, Russia, and later the United States.

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Key Concept: Social and Economic Disruption, Agricultural Crisis

b) It caused massive urbanization and transformation of rural demographics.

[Solution Description]

The agricultural crisis led to significant social disruptions as it resulted in food shortages and rural unemployment. Many farmers faced bankruptcy due to decreased production and increased debts. This forced a migration towards urban areas in search of better employment opportunities. It also altered traditional family roles; women often took jobs outside the home to supplement household incomes, changing gender dynamics within families.

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Key Concepts: Comparative Impact, Long-term Effects

c) Agriculture, causing increased farmer indebtedness and migration
[Solution Description] Agricultural overproduction led to a drastic fall in crop prices as supply far exceeded demand. This situation heavily impacted the agriculture sector as farmers’ incomes plummeted. Over time, this led to increased debt levels among farmers, causing many to lose their lands and migrate to urban areas, thereby altering rural community structures permanently.

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Key Concepts: Historical Context, Long-term Effects

a) Gold exports bolstered global recovery but destabilized India’s economy by depleting crucial resources needed for internal investments.
[Solution Description] During the Great Depression, India exported large quantities of gold, driven by global demand for stable monetary assets. This influx of gold helped stabilize international markets, especially aiding countries transitioning back to the gold standard. For India, however, the depletion of gold reserves weakened domestic financial stability, leaving the economy vulnerable to external shocks. In the long run, it highlighted the risks associated with dependency on precious metal exports and underscored the need for diversified economic strategies.

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Key Concepts: Borrowing Impact

d) Britain was burdened with huge external debts
[Solution Description] During the war, Britain borrowed extensively from the United States to finance its military efforts and other expenses. This led to Britain being burdened with huge external debts after the war. These debts had a significant impact on Britain’s post-war economic recovery.

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Key Concepts: Multilateral Settlements

b) It enabled Britain to settle debts without affecting the gold reserve.
[Solution Description] Britain’s trade surplus with India allowed it to accumulate funds that could be used to offset its trade deficits with other countries. By using India’s surplus, Britain managed to maintain a stable economic position globally and finance its balance of payments without depleting gold reserves.

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Key Concepts: Bretton Woods System Analysis, Economic Stability Challenges

c) It introduced significant currency volatility impacting business confidence.
[Solution Description]
The collapse of the Bretton Woods system led to a shift from fixed exchange rates to floating exchange rates. This caused significant volatility and uncertainty in currency markets, affecting international trade and investments. Industrial nations faced economic instability as companies struggled with fluctuating costs, leading to decreased business confidence. As businesses sought to cut costs, they reduced their workforce, contributing to increased unemployment.

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Key Concept: Economic Consequences

b) Significant reduction in local food production

[Solution Description] The outbreak of Rinderpest led to the massive loss of cattle, which were a major source of wealth and economic stability for many African communities. This resulted in poverty and dependence on colonial powers.

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Key Concepts: Comparative Analysis, Cultural Fusion

b) Agents misled potential recruits with false promises.
[Solution Description] The recruitment process for Indian indentured labourers involved a system where agents played a key role in persuading individuals to migrate, often using misleading information about working conditions and life abroad. Unlike voluntary migrations, this process was characterized by contracts that bound migrants to specific conditions. Many European migrations during the same period were more self-directed or involved different incentives and freedoms.

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Key Concepts: Economic and Political Factors, Technological Influence on Migration

c) By enhancing engine efficiency and cargo capacity
[Solution Description]
The economic needs for efficient transportation to support expanding colonial markets led to innovations in steamship designs. Steamships were crucial in reducing travel time over long distances, providing reliable schedules, and increasing cargo capacity. By improving these aspects, steamships could more effectively meet the demands of transporting goods between colonies and their home countries. This required enhanced engine efficiency and larger hull designs, which directly impacted migration patterns by facilitating easier movement of people along with goods.

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Key Concepts: Economic Theories, Strategic Alliances

b) Forming regional trade agreements
[Solution Description] The G-77 sought a New International Economic Order (NIEO) emphasizing equitable trade relationships, particularly advocating for developing countries’ access to developed markets. The strategy aligning with this is forming alliances through regional trade agreements among developing nations to present a unified front in negotiations. This approach allows them to collectively bargain for better trade terms underpinned by Keynesian economics, which supports government intervention to achieve fair economic outcomes.

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Key Concept: Historical Event

c) 16th century
[Solution Description] Smallpox began to spread widely among native populations during the 16th century after the arrival of Europeans, leading to high mortality rates.

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Key Concept: Trade Routes

b) Indian Ocean
[Solution Description] The Indian Ocean played a critical role as a major trade hub before European powers began exploring sea routes, facilitating trade between Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia.

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Key Concepts: Key Institutions

c) IMF and World Bank
[Solution Description] The Bretton Woods Conference, held in 1944, led to the establishment of two major international financial institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. These institutions are collectively known as the Bretton Woods institutions.

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Key Concepts: Impact Analysis

c) It increased competition for British agriculture leading to reduced prices.
[Solution Description] The abolition of the Corn Laws led to cheaper imported grain, which reduced food prices in Britain. This benefited consumers with lower living costs and allowed industrial workers to accept lower wages. However, it negatively affected domestic farmers who faced competition from foreign imports. Overall, it facilitated Britain’s shift towards free trade, enhancing its economic growth and industrialization.

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Key Concept: Historical Timeline

b) Before the Christian Era to 15th century
[Solution Description] The Silk Routes thrived from before the Christian Era until the fifteenth century.

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Key Concepts: Opium Trade

b) Contributed significantly to Britain’s colonial revenues
[Solution Description]
Opium became a crucial part of India’s export economy, primarily to China. The revenue generated from this trade was used by the British to balance their trade deficits with other countries, particularly contributing to the financial strategy that allowed Britain to sustain its economic policies.

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Key Concept: Historical Events

c) Cheap imported grains leading to migration
[Solution Description] The abolition of the Corn Laws led to cheaper grain imports, thus encouraging migration as many agricultural workers lost their jobs due to declining demand for local corn.

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Key Concepts: Industrial Warfare

c) Machine guns
[Solution Description] Machine guns were one of the significant technological advancements used extensively in the First World War, changing how battles were fought.

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Key Concepts: Cultural Adaptation

d) By blending Indian traditions with local customs to form new cultural expressions
[Solution Description] Indian indentured laborers in the Caribbean adapted culturally by blending their traditions with local elements, leading to unique cultural expressions such as ‘Chutney music’. This adaptation showcased their ability to maintain connection with their roots while also embracing new influences in their environment.

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Key Concepts: Trade Dynamics, Economic Integration

a) By collaborating with European financial entities to access larger capital.
[Solution Description] The Hyderabadi Sindhi traders utilized their extensive knowledge of trade routes and local markets to strategically set up emporia in busy ports globally. They leveraged their cultural adaptability and multilingual skills to interact with diverse populations. By importing curios, they attracted a wide range of customers, thereby integrating themselves into the global economy. Their expansion was facilitated through adaptive financing strategies and partnerships with both Indian and European entities.

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 Key Concepts: Technological and Economic Interactions, Technological Impact on Labor

c) It enabled faster movement of labor and goods, enhancing economic ties.
[Solution Description] The introduction of steamships significantly reduced travel time across oceans, which enhanced trade efficiency and connectivity. This reduction in time facilitated a more flexible and mobile labor movement, allowing workers from colonies to migrate temporarily or permanently to industrial centers where labor was needed. Consequently, this l

ed to increased remittances back to home countries and boosted local economies. Additionally, it allowed for quicker raw material transportation from colonies to metropoles, thus influencing economic dependencies and labor dynamics within different regions.

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Key Concept: Trade Dynamics

c) Tea
[Solution Description] The major commodities traded along the Silk Routes included silk, pottery, textiles, spices, and precious metals. Among the options listed, tea is not mentioned as a commonly traded commodity in the context of the Silk Routes.

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Key Concepts: Economic Impact

c) Periodic debt crises
[Solution Description] The shift led many developing countries to borrow from Western commercial banks, which resulted in periodic debt crises due to challenges in repaying those debts.

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Key Concepts: Comparative Economic Growth, Role of MNCs

b) Encouraging local partnerships that facilitated technology spillovers.
[Solution Description] Multinational Corporations (MNCs) played a crucial role in technology transfer to Brazil by establishing subsidiaries and joint ventures. This collaboration provided access to advanced technologies and managerial expertise, boosting industrial productivity. Meanwhile, MNCs’ presence also encouraged local entrepreneurship and innovation through competitive pressure and collaboration, positively impacting Brazil’s economic growth trajectory when compared to China and India.

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Key Concept: Role of Railways

c) Connected agricultural regions to markets

[Solution Description] Railways played a pivotal role in connecting remote agricultural areas with major ports, facilitating the transport of large quantities of agricultural produce to national and international markets. This connectivity reduced transportation costs and opened up new economic opportunities for farmers, allowing them to sell their produce over greater distances.

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Key Concepts: Economic Changes due to Colonialism

c) Exploitation of local resources by Europeans.
[Solution Description] European colonization caused significant economic disruptions in African societies. Local economies were restructured to serve European needs, leading to the exploitation of resources and loss of traditional livelihoods. Indigenous industries were undermined, and Africans faced economic hardship and dependency on European goods.

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Key Concepts: Economic Duality, Coercion and Labor

c) They provided short-term employment but increased long-term poverty.
[Solution Description] Coercive labor practices forced many Africans into labor markets under harsh conditions, leading to significant social disruption. While some individuals gained temporary employment, it generally increased poverty levels due to exploitation and suppressed wages, showcasing the dual nature of economic growth and misery.

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Key Concept: Economic Shifts

b) A key facilitator of East-West trade

[Solution Description]

During the pre-modern era, the Indian subcontinent was a major hub in global trade networks, primarily due to its strategic location and rich resources such as spices and textiles. It acted as an intermediary between East Asia and Europe, facilitating commercial exchanges across continents. This position significantly influenced economic dynamics globally.

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Key Concept: Economic Lessons

d) It helps maintain economic stability by managing demand

[Solution Description]

During the inter-war period, it became clear that markets alone were insufficient to ensure stable economic growth and stability. Government intervention became necessary to manage demand, mitigate unemployment, and stabilize economies against the boom and bust cycles.

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Key Concepts: Theoretical Implications, Real-world Application

b) It enhances trade competitiveness by allowing responsive currency adjustments.
[Solution Description] The adoption of floating exchange rates allows for greater flexibility in international trade due to the self-regulating nature of market-determined exchange rates. For emerging economies such as China and India, it implies a stronger competitive position as they can adjust their currency values in response to global demand fluctuations. This enables these countries to remain competitive through currency devaluation when needed, attracting foreign investment and boosting exports.

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Key Concept: Industrial Investment

d) Industrial investment increased

[Solution Description] The Great Depression caused widespread economic distress; however, in urban India, there was an increase in industrial investment. This was primarily because the British colonial administration extended tariff protection to industries, encouraging local manufacturing to supplant expensive imports.

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Key Concepts: Complex Cause Analysis, Economic Interconnections

b) Increased tariffs led to reduced demand for Indian exports.
[Solution Description] The increasing protectionism in U.S. trade policies led to higher tariffs, decreasing international trade volumes. As the U.S. imposed these restrictions, it reduced demand for Indian goods, creating significant trade imbalances and economic strain within India.

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Key Concepts: Impact of British Colonial Policies and Development of Indigenous Corporate Systems

c) It encouraged Indian traders to develop independent networks.
[Solution Description] The British imposed various trade restrictions and tariffs that favored British products over Indian goods, leading to a decline in traditional Indian industries such as textiles. However, this adversity forced Indian traders to seek alternative methods for growth, resulting in the establishment of their own corporate structures to bypass direct British control. They developed sophisticated banking and trading networks, which enabled them to engage in global trade indirectly.

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Key Concept: Economic Transformations

d) By incorporating market-oriented reforms and opening up to foreign trade
[Solution Description] China’s economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in the late 20th century included opening up to foreign investment, decentralizing economic control, and introducing market-oriented policies. These reforms led to rapid industrialization and integration into the global economy. As a result, China experienced significant economic growth, transforming it into a major global economic power.

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Key Concepts: Economic Policies, Colonial Legacy

d) All of the above
[Solution Description] Newly independent countries faced several hurdles in implementing effective economic policies due to the colonial legacy. These challenges included inadequate infrastructure, high levels of debt inherited from colonial powers, a lack of skilled workforce, and over-reliance on single crop economies or raw material exports. Additionally, political instability often disrupted continuity in policy implementation. Each of these factors significantly impacted their ability to create balanced and sustainable economic growth.

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Key Concept: Economic Cycles, Trade Unions

b) By stifling union activities through improved wages but restricted rights

[Solution Description] The widespread adoption of mass production techniques like the assembly line led to increased efficiency and output, resulting in a boom in consumer goods availability. However, this was coupled with practices such as Ford’s banning of trade unions, which limited workers’ ability to organize for better conditions. The cyclical nature of these economic changes created both opportunities and challenges for labor movements.

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Key Concept: Debt Burden

c) Huge external debts

[Solution Description] Following World War I, Britain encountered severe financial difficulties primarily because it had incurred huge external debts, particularly to the United States. These debts became a burden on Britain’s economy as they struggled with repayments amidst economic instability.

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Key Concept: Trade and Technology, Trade Evolution

c) Refinement of the magnetic compass aiding in reliable long-distance ocean navigation.
[Solution Description] The invention and improvement of the compass were crucial in transitioning from land-based trade routes such as the Silk Routes to sea-based routes. The compass enabled navigators to determine direction accurately even when out of sight of land, facilitating the age of exploration and allowing sailors to undertake longer voyages safely across open seas.

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Key Concept: Cultural Exchange

d) European gold
[Solution Description] Chinese silk, Indian spices, and African ivory were common goods traded along the Silk Routes. However, European gold, although transported, was not as commonly traded directly compared to other specified goods.

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