Class 11 Psychology Chapter 3 Human Development

Key Concept: Multidirectional Development

b) Some intellectual skills improve with age while some physical capabilities diminish.

[Solution Description]

Multidirectional development refers to the idea that different aspects of development can increase or decrease at different times throughout a person’s life. For instance, cognitive abilities might increase while physical abilities may decline in older age.

Key Concept: Concrete Operations

b) A child understanding that two identical balls of clay, one flattened and one round, are equal in volume.

[Solution Description] A child who was previously unable to understand that 10 blocks rearranged in different shapes are still the same number, begins to comprehend this concept, indicating they are moving towards concrete operational thinking where logic starts to replace intuition.

Key Concept: Peer Influence

b) By offering emotional support and acceptance

[Solution Description] During adolescence, peers play a crucial role in shaping identity by providing emotional support and acceptance. This helps adolescents in developing a sense of belonging and influences their self-concept and values, making “offering emotional support and acceptance” a significant form of peer influence.

Key Concept: Conceptual Understanding

c) Development involves both growth and decline

[Solution Description] Development is multi-directional which means it involves both growth and decline, influenced by various contexts such as historical conditions.

Key Concept: Object Permanence

c) 8 months

[Solution Description]

Infants generally start to develop an understanding of object permanence around the age of 8 months. This is when they realize that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

c) It often includes expectations of increased leisure time.

[Solution Description] The perception of retirement often involves an expectation of increased leisure time and a potential drop or change in self-esteem and life satisfaction. Understanding this helps identify the psychological adjustments needed.

Key Concept: Physical Changes

b) Hearing loss

[Solution Description] During middle adulthood, individuals commonly experience certain physical changes such as hearing loss, which is a normal part of aging along with other changes like vision decline and appearance alterations like grey hair or wrinkles.

Key Concept: Basic Concept

c) 8 months

[Solution Description] According to Piaget, infants begin to pursue objects that are partially covered around 8 months of age as they start developing object permanence.

Key Concept: Peer Pressure

b) Deciding to smoke

[Solution Description] Adolescents often encounter decisions involving smoking, drugs, alcohol, or breaking parental rules as a result of peer pressure.

Key Concept: Cause Identification

d) Peer pressure

[Solution Description] Peer pressure is a significant factor in adolescent substance abuse. Adolescents may engage in smoking, drinking, or drug use to fit in with their peers or gain acceptance.

Key Concept: Emotional Development

c) Post-conventional

[Solution Description] Kohlberg proposes that individuals develop their own personal moral codes during the stage known as “Post-conventional” morality. This usually occurs in adolescence or adulthood when individuals start internalizing principles based on universal ethical concepts rather than just conforming to societal norms.

Key Concept: Gender Identity Age

b) Age 3

[Solution Description] Most children begin to acquire gender identity by age 3.

Key Concept: Age of Onset

c) 12-13 years

[Solution Description] Boys generally start their growth spurts at ages 12-13, though this can vary due to genetic and environmental factors.

Key Concept: Simple Cause and Effect

a) Increased self-consciousness

[Solution Description] Egocentrism, combining personal fable and imaginary audience, results in increased self-consciousness among adolescents as they constantly feel observed and misunderstood.

Key Concept: Reflex Identification

d) Rooting

[Solution Description] The rooting reflex causes a newborn to turn their face toward the stimulus and make sucking motions with the mouth when the cheek or lip is touched. This helps the baby find the breast or bottle to begin feeding.

Key Concept: Media Influence

b) By showing authority figures as males predominantly

[Solution Description]

Media often perpetuates gender stereotypes by projecting traditional gender roles, such as showing authority figures predominantly as men, reinforcing societal biases.

Key Concept: Secure vs. Insecure Attachment, Peer Influence

c) They engage positively and cooperatively with peers, benefiting from mutual exchanges.

[Solution Description] Securely attached children generally have positive expectations of themselves and others. When interacting with peers, these children are more likely to engage in cooperative play, demonstrating empathy and effective communication skills. Their established trust with caregivers provides a foundation for creating and maintaining supportive peer relationships that further enhance socio-emotional growth.

Key Concept: Concept Identification

d) Diet

[Solution Description] According to the syllabus, heredity and environment interact to influence development. Genotype and phenotype are considered key concepts. Thus, diet is not specifically mentioned as a factor in the syllabus.

Key Concept: Early Adulthood Tasks

b) Establishing independence

[Solution Description] A major task of early adulthood involves establishing independence and making significant life choices such as starting a career or family.

Key Concept: Physical Changes

b) Decline in near vision

[Solution Description] As people reach middle age, it is common to experience presbyopia, which is a decline in near vision, making reading small print difficult.

Key Concept: Moral Reasoning Evolution, Cognitive Development Influence

c) It allows consideration of abstract principles

[Solution Description] During adolescence, increased cognitive capabilities allow for abstract thinking and hypothetical-deductive reasoning. These developments enable youths to critically evaluate rules, consider broader ethical principles, and understand the implications of actions beyond immediate consequences. This cognitive growth moves them from rule-based thinking (common in childhood) towards principle-based reasoning characteristic of more advanced stages like the Post-conventional level.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

b) Gender

[Solution Description] The definition of gender focuses on the social dimensions, as opposed to “sex,” which refers to the biological attributes distinguishing males and females.

Key Concept: Secondary Characteristics

b) Growth in height

[Solution Description] Secondary sex characteristics include signs such as growth in height and menarche in girls, which signify achieving sexual maturity.

Key Concept: Cultural Views

c) Death is a transition to another existence.

[Solution Description] In many Asian cultures, it is commonly believed that death is a natural part of life and is often seen as a transition to another existence or reincarnation.

Key Concept: Career Challenges

c), Proving competence and dealing with competition

[Solution Description] Young adults entering the workforce often face challenges such as proving competence and dealing with competition. These individuals must demonstrate their skills while navigating competitive work environments.

Key Concept: Attachment Preference

d) Cloth mother

[Solution Description] In Harlow’s experiment, it was observed that baby monkeys preferred the cloth surrogate mother over the wire one due to contact-comfort.

Key Concept: Animism

a) A child believes their teddy bear feels sad when left alone

[Solution Description] Animism refers to the belief common in young children that inanimate objects have life-like qualities and mental states. For instance, a child believing the moon smiles down at them represents animistic thinking.

Key Concept: Growth Sequence

d) Brain and head

[Solution Description] According to the growth sequence, the brain and head grow more rapidly than other parts during early childhood.

Key Concept: Basic Concept

a) Immediate environment of the child

[Solution Description] The microsystem is the immediate environment where direct interactions occur, such as family, peers, and school according to Bronfenbrenner’s model.

Key Concept: Definition Check

c) Retirement

[Solution Description] Old age is traditionally linked to the retirement age when individuals stop working and transition into a new life stage.

Key Concept: Developmental Task

b) Forming intimate relationships

[Solution Description] Early adulthood often involves the task of forming intimate relationships, as individuals seek companionship and love. This developmental stage focuses on building long-term commitments beyond friendships and family.

Key Concept: Physical Development

c) 9-14 years

[Solution Description] Puberty typically begins for boys between the ages of 9-14 years, marked by various physiological changes.

Key Concept: Life-Span Perspective

c) Development includes both gains and losses across the lifespan

[Solution Description] The life-span perspective emphasizes that development is continuous from birth to death and encompasses all areas including biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional dimensions. It states that development occurs throughout the entire lifespan and is not confined to childhood or any specific phase.

Key Concept: Media Influence

b) Projects thinness as desirable

[Solution Description] Media often portrays thinness as an ideal body image, contributing to the development of anorexia nervosa through societal pressure.

Key Concept: Egocentrism Type

b) Imaginary audience

[Solution Description] Adolescents often develop a form of egocentrism known as the imaginary audience, where they believe that all eyes are on them, leading to heightened self-consciousness.

Key Concept: Genetic Influence

b) Genetic blueprint

[Solution Description] The genetic blueprint, which includes all genetic information inherited from parents, guides our development during the prenatal period.

Key Concept: Behavioral Examples

b) Running away from home

[Solution Description] Running away from home is regarded as a delinquent behavior. This act involves leaving one’s residence without permission or intent to return, which is considered legally and socially unacceptable.

Key Concept: Environmental Contexts

a) Microsystem

[Solution Description] The microsystem includes immediate relationships and direct interactions such as family and peers, influencing development at this most intimate level.

Key Concept: Attachment Basics

b) Comfort is crucial for attachment.

[Solution Description] Harlow’s study on attachment demonstrated the importance of comfort in forming strong emotional bonds. In his experiments with monkeys, he found that infant monkeys preferred spending time with a soft, comforting surrogate mother rather than a wire one that provided food. This highlighted the role of physical comfort in the formation of attachment.

Key Concept: Basic Understanding

c) Biological, cognitive, socio-emotional

[Solution Description] According to the Life-Span Perspective, the three interwoven processes are biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes.

Key Concept: Moral Code Development, Detachment Process

d) Adolescents participating in activism contrary to parental political views

[Solution Description] The detachment process during adolescence involves decreasing dependence on parental approval and developing an independent value system. This can result in decisions that reflect personal ethics rather than parental guidance. Adolescents might choose actions aligned with their own moral beliefs even if these challenge familial or societal expectations.

Key Concept: Direct Recall

b) Lack of stimulation

[Solution Description] Children in impoverished environments often face conditions such as lack of stimulation, ineffective role models, and overcrowding, which can hinder their development.

Key Concept: Identity Crisis

b) An adolescent is unable to decide on any specific career path and feels lost.

[Solution Description]

An adolescent facing identity confusion may struggle to establish a clear sense of self, leading to feelings of uncertainty and instability in their identity. This might manifest as difficulty making decisions about personal beliefs, values, or even future career paths. The correct scenario would involve struggling with these aspects.

Key Concept: Reflex Disappearance

b) 3-4 months

[Solution Description] The Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex, is a primitive reflex seen in newborns. It usually disappears when the infant reaches the age of 3-4 months.

Key Concept: Role Timing

d) Social context

[Solution Description] The timing for taking on adult roles such as starting a career or getting married is largely influenced by social context, which encompasses societal norms and pressures.

Key Concept: Definition Check

a) Developing a career

[Solution Description]

One of the primary roles associated with adulthood is developing and maintaining a career. This role is significant as it often defines an individual’s identity and provides financial stability.

Key Concept: Maternal Influence

d) All of the above

[Solution Description] Maternal characteristics such as age, nutrition, and emotional state are known to influence prenatal development. All these factors combined have potential effects on the development of the foetus.

Key Concept: Genetic Code Basics

c) To synthesize proteins

[Solution Description] The genetic code contains instructions for synthesizing proteins, which are essential for various functions and processes in an organism’s body.

Key Concept: Development Sequence

c) Proximodistal trend

[Solution Description] The principle that describes the pattern of growth where development proceeds from the central part of the body towards the extremities is called the Proximodistal trend. This means that infants first gain control over parts closer to the center, like the torso, before gaining control over the arms.