Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Psychological Disorders

Key Concept: Definition Recall

c) Recurrent dreams

[Solution Description] A common symptom of PTSD includes recurrent dreams, which are experienced by individuals who have undergone traumatic events.

Key Concept: Simple Cause and Effect

b) Feeling uncomfortably full

[Solution Description] A common effect of binge eating disorder is feeling uncomfortably full after episodes of uncontrolled eating.

Key Concept: Dependency Cycle, Real-world Application

d) Increasing usage correlating with avoidance of withdrawal symptoms

[Solution Description]

Understanding the dependency cycle requires identifying recurring patterns:

– Initial usage for euphoric effects.

– Gradual increase in frequency and quantity used to maintain desired sensations.

– Withdrawal symptoms like fatigue, depression, or anxiety upon cessation, potentially prompting continuous consumption to mitigate discomfort.

Hence, realizing addictive tendencies involves observing escalating usage paired with conscious decisions focusing solely on evading negative withdrawal outcomes.

Based on this reasoning, option d) signifies awareness and acknowledgment of perpetual pursuit driven by avoidance of adverse symptoms.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

c) Persistent sadness and loss of interest in activities

[Solution Description] Major depressive disorder is characterized by persistent sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities, along with other symptoms like changes in weight, sleep disturbances, and feelings of worthlessness.

Key Concept: Disorder Identification

c) Conversion Disorder

[Solution Description] The disorder described involves symptoms like paralysis or blindness that appear suddenly and lack a physical medical explanation. This aligns with Conversion Disorder, which is characterized by such losses in motor or sensory functions following stressful experiences.

Key Concept: Four Ds

d) Development

[Solution Description] The ‘four Ds’ in defining abnormality are deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. These criteria help determine what can be considered as abnormal behavior. Among the options provided, development is not part of these four criteria.

Key Concept: Classification Systems

b) DSM-5

[Solution Description] In the United States, the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) is commonly used by mental health professionals for diagnosing psychological disorders. It provides standardized criteria for the classification of mental health conditions.

Key Concept: Basic Definition

b) Sudden temporary alterations of consciousness

[Solution Description] Dissociative disorders are primarily characterized by sudden temporary alterations of consciousness, which can manifest as changes in memory, identity, or perception.

Key Concept: Disorder Identification

c) Panic Disorder

[Solution Description] The description fits panic disorder, which involves sudden and unpredictable panic attacks without a clear trigger.

Key Concept: Delusion Identification

d) Delusion of control

[Solution Description] This is an example of a delusion of control, where an individual believes external forces or beings have power over their thoughts or actions.

Key Concept: Symptom Identification

b) Checking things repeatedly

[Solution Description] In OCD, compulsions are repetitive behaviors that a person feels driven to perform. Common compulsions include actions such as checking things repeatedly.

Key Concept: Basic Definition

a) Impairments in social interaction and communication skills

[Solution Description] Autism Spectrum Disorder is mainly defined by difficulties in social interaction and communication skills, which are central features of the condition.

Key Concept: Substance Tolerance

c) Needing more drinks to feel intoxicated

[Solution Description] Tolerance in substance abuse refers to the phenomenon where an individual requires increasing amounts of the substance to achieve the same effect previously obtained at lower doses. For example, someone who drinks alcohol regularly may need more alcohol over time to feel the same level of intoxication.

Key Concept: Disorder Types

a) Chronic fluctuating mood disturbances

[Solution Description] Cyclothymic Disorder involves chronic fluctuating mood disturbances with periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for a hypomanic episode or major depressive episode.

Key Concept: Humour Theory

a) Blood

[Solution Description] According to Galen’s theory of four humours, blood is associated with a sanguine temperament, characterized by a sociable and lively personality.

Key Concept: Classification Basics

b) To enable communication among professionals

[Solution Description] The primary aim of classifying psychological disorders is to group them into categories based on shared characteristics, which helps facilitate communication among professionals and aids in understanding causes and development.

Key Concept: Alcohol Effects

d) Ethyl alcohol

[Solution Description]

Ethyl alcohol is the primary component of all alcoholic beverages and it directly affects the central nervous system by slowing down its functions.

Key Concept: ADHD Features

a) Inattention

[Solution Description] ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is primarily characterized by inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. These features affect the individual’s ability to focus and control impulses.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

a) An anxiety disorder characterized by fear of separation from home or attachment figures.

[Solution Description] Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is defined as the experience of intense distress in individuals, particularly children, when they are separated from attachment figures. This definition emphasizes the emotional response related to separation.

Key Concept: Phobia Classification

b) Specific phobia

[Solution Description]

Fear of snakes is classified under specific phobias. Specific phobias involve intense fears related to certain objects or situations, such as particular animals like snakes. These fears are typically out of proportion to the actual danger posed.

Key Concept: Basic Definition

a) The presence of two or more distinct personality states

[Solution Description] Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), also known as multiple personality disorder, is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states.

Key Concept: Symptom Recognition

a) Frequent hand washing due to fear of germs

[Solution Description]

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder involves preoccupation with specific ideas and compulsive behaviors, such as repetitive checking or cleaning to alleviate anxiety caused by these obsessions.

Key Concept: Disorder Identification

c) Oppositional Defiant Disorder

[Solution Description] The disorder described with symptoms such as age-inappropriate stubbornness, irritability, and defiance is Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD).

Key Concept: Psychological Models

c) Cognitive

[Solution Description] The Cognitive model focuses on how irrational beliefs and cognitive distortions contribute to abnormal behavior. This model suggests that maladaptive thinking patterns influence an individual’s feelings and behaviors.

Key Concept: Family Structure

b) Overinvolvement

[Solution Description] Enmeshed family structures are characterized by excessive emotional involvement and overdependence among family members, which can inhibit independence.

Key Concept: Delusion Types

d) Delusion of control

[Solution Description] Delusion of control is characterized by the belief that an external entity is controlling one’s actions or thoughts.

Key Concept: Stress Factors

c) Stress

[Solution Description] Stress is recognized as a significant psychological factor that can lead to abnormal behavior. It affects emotional and mental well-being, potentially leading to disorders such as anxiety or depression.

Key Concept: Definition Recall

c) Slowing down of respiratory centers

[Solution Description]

The syllabus states that the most direct danger of heroin abuse is an overdose, which can slow down respiratory centers in the brain and potentially cause death.

Key Concept: Disorder Recognition

a) Bipolar disorder

[Solution Description] Bipolar disorder is known for involving episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.

Key Concept: Neurotransmitter Disorder Match

d) Dopamine

[Solution Description] The syllabus states that excess activity of dopamine is linked to schizophrenia. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter responsible for this disorder when its levels are abnormally high.