Class 12 Sociology Chapter 2 The Demographic structure of the Indian Society

Key Concept: Historical Trends

c) 1971

[Solution Description] The urban population in India first exceeded 20% of the total population in the year 1971.

Key Concept: Health Infrastructure

c) 2025

[Solution Description] The National Health Policy 2017 outlines plans for enhancing health infrastructure by establishing primary and secondary care facilities in high-priority districts with the aim to achieve this milestone by the year 2025.

Key Concept: Concept Identification

c) Transitional stage with declining death rates

[Solution Description] A ‘population explosion’ is typically associated with the transitional stage in demographic transition theory. During this stage, the death rates fall significantly while the birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth.

Key Concept: Age Group Proportion

d) 29%

[Solution Description] According to the Census of India 2011, approximately 29% of India’s population was in the 0-14 age group.

Key Concept: Sex Ratio

b) Number of females per 1000 males

[Solution Description] The sex ratio in demographic studies is commonly defined as the number of females per 1000 males, providing insights into gender balance within a population.

Key Concept: Basic Definitions

c) Deaths of babies before age one per 1000 live births

[Solution Description] Infant Mortality Rate refers to the number of deaths of babies before age one per 1000 live births according to the syllabus definition.

Key Concept: Basic Definition

b) To regulate and prevent the misuse of prenatal diagnostic techniques

[Solution Description] The main objective of the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act is to regulate and prevent the misuse of prenatal diagnostic techniques, specifically for sex determination leading to selective abortion.

Key Concept: Urbanization Shift

a) 25.7%

[Solution Description] The census of 1991 showed a significant shift towards urbanization in India, with a notable percentage of the population residing in urban regions.

Key Concept: Regional Variations

d) Kerala

[Solution Description] According to the syllabus, Kerala is noted for having an age structure similar to developed countries, indicating a higher proportion of older age groups.

Key Concept: Positive Checks

d) Famine

[Solution Description] Positive checks, as described by Malthus, include events or circumstances that increase mortality rates, such as famine, disease, and war, thereby reducing the population size.

Key Concept: Impact of Development, Long-term Solutions

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] Both the assertion and reason involve evaluating the impact of economic prosperity on child sex ratios. Generally, one might assume that improved healthcare and education would lead to a higher child sex ratio, as mentioned in the assertion. However, data from India indicates that economically advanced regions actually have lower child sex ratios. This is primarily attributed to easier access to technologies used for sex determination and subsequent selective abortions, as stated in the reason. Thus, while both statements are true, the reason does not correctly explain the assertion since economic advancement leads to a decrease rather than an increase in child sex ratios due to misuse of technology.

Key Concept: Stages of Demographic Transition

b) Second stage

[Solution Description] The second stage of demographic transition is characterized by high birth rates and declining death rates due to improvements in healthcare and sanitation, leading to rapid population growth.

Key Concept: Urbanization Challenges, Urban-Rural Integration

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that rapid urbanization has facilitated the seamless integration of rural areas with urban economies through improved infrastructure and communication. This can be true in certain contexts where infrastructural advancements like roads and telecommunications bridge the gap between rural and urban areas. However, the reason provided highlights the challenges such as inadequate urban infrastructure and social inequality, which are significant hurdles in achieving this “seamless” integration. These are real-world issues caused by hasty urban expansion without adequate planning, affecting both urban efficiency and rural inclusion. Therefore, while both statements are true, they do not necessarily explain each other directly. The assertion overlooks existing barriers mentioned in the reason.

Key Concept: Population Momentum

b) Growth owing to a larger proportion of people in reproductive age

[Solution Description] Population momentum refers to the continued population growth that occurs even after fertility rates decline to replacement level, due to a prior period of higher fertility resulting in a large cohort of reproductive-age individuals. Essentially, it explains why populations can continue growing because of the age structure, despite lower birth rates.

Key Concept: National Health Policy Goals

b) 2025

[Solution Description] The National Health Policy 2017 set various targets related to improving health outcomes in India. One of its objectives was to increase life expectancy at birth to 70 years by the year 2025.

Key Concept: Basic Definition

d) Spanish Flu

[Solution Description] The influenza pandemic of 1918-19 is commonly known as the Spanish Flu. This term is a basic historical label for that specific pandemic period.

Key Concept: Regional Disparities

c) Kerala

[Solution Description] Kerala has consistently reported high literacy rates compared to other Indian states, reaching levels close to universal literacy over the years due to various effective educational policies and initiatives.

Key Concept: National Average

d) 919

[Solution Description] According to the 2011 Census, the national average child sex ratio in India was recorded as 919 girls per 1000 boys. This indicates a continued concern over gender imbalances at younger ages.

Key Concept: Rate Calculation

b) 1.5

[Solution Description] The formula to calculate the death rate per 1000 population is given by:

$$\text{Death Rate} = \left(\frac{\text{Number of Deaths}}{\text{Total Population}}\right) \times 1000$$

Substituting the given values:

$$\text{Death Rate} = \left(\frac{1200}{800000}\right) \times 1000 = 1.5$$

So, the death rate per 1000 population is 1.5.

Key Concept: Basic Definitions

b) To improve health indicators and reduce mortality rates

[Solution Description] The National Health Policy 2017 in India aims to reduce various mortality rates and improve health indicators by 2025.

Key Concept: Socio-Economic Correlation, Real-world Application

b) Son preference reinforced by cultural practices

[Solution Description] The correlation between economic prosperity and low child sex ratios can be attributed to deeply ingrained cultural beliefs and preferences for male children. Even with economic growth, some regions maintain a strong preference for sons due to socio-cultural factors. This preference may lead to selective abortions despite increased access to education and healthcare.

Key Concept: Historical Data

c) 27.16%

[Solution Description] According to historical records, the male literacy rate in India in 1951 was

$\text{Male Literacy Rate in 1951} = 27.16%$

This means that only 27.16% of the male population were literate at that time.

Key Concept: Social Dynamics, Urbanization’s Impact on Rural Lifestyles

c) $650

[Solution Description] Calculate the increased expenditure by finding 30% of the original amount and adding it to the original expenditure.

Original expenditure in rural areas was:

$500

Increase in expenditure after migration is:

$\text{Increase} = 0.30 \times 500 = $150$

Therefore, the new expenditure is:

$500 + 150 = $650$

Hence, the migrant’s monthly consumption expenditure in a metropolitan area is $650.

Key Concept: Gender Literacy Gap

b) Females

[Solution Description] Post-independence, female literacy has seen a significant increase compared to male literacy, although there still exists a gap between genders. This reflects efforts towards reducing gender disparities in education.

Key Concept: Malthusian Theory

b) Geometric

[Solution Description] Malthus’s theory suggests that populations grow in geometric (or exponential) progression because they tend to double every few generations when not limited by resources.

Key Concept: Policy and Cultural Change, Real-World Application

c) Evolution of social attitudes is crucial to effectively tackle gender bias despite supportive government policies.

[Solution Description] The National Population Policy 2000 and National Health Policy 2017 incorporate socio-demographic goals that go beyond simple population control, recognizing the importance of evolving social attitudes, especially concerning gender bias. Despite laws promoting female education and discouraging discrimination, cultural change remains critical. Government policies alone cannot solve deep-rooted biases; societal evolution is necessary for meaningful progress in gender equality.

Key Concept: Law Recognition

b) Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act

[Solution Description] The law related to the prevention of misuse of prenatal diagnostic techniques is known as the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act.

Key Concept: Age Group Trends

c) 63%

[Solution Description] In 2011, the 15-59 age group comprised 63% of India’s population as stated in the syllabus.

Key Concept: Population Trends

c) 68.8%

[Solution Description] According to the Census of India 2011, 68.8% of the population lived in rural areas. This is calculated by subtracting the urban population percentage from 100%.

Calculation:

$\text{Rural Population Percentage} = 100% – 31.2%$

Thus,

$\text{Rural Population Percentage} = 68.8%$